Video scrambling and unscrambling system



Feb. 24, 1959 L..N. RIDENOUR 2,875,269

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Feb. 24, 1959 L. N. RIDENOURV 2,875,269

VIDEO SCRAMBLING AND UNSCRAMBLING SYSTEM Filed April 8. 1954 2 sheets-Sheet 2 8+ i491 e B+ the charge being made as :an Vincident VIDEO SCRAMBLING AND -UNSCRAMBLING .SYSTEM Louis N. Ridenour, Los Angeles,"Calif., fassignorto nternational Telemeter Corporation,Los-Angeles, Calif., a corporation yof Delaware Application April S, 1954, Serial No. 421,924

9 Claims. (Cl. l178-511) This invention're'lates generally to television Vsystems and, more particularly, 'to improvements infmethods of and apparatus for lscramblinglra television transmission, `so that it is made intelligible only byfa 'receiver-equipped with suitable unscrambling apparatus.v y

The recent growth `of -the 'television industry andrecent experience inv television broadcasting indicates that the broadcasting of television lentertainment cannot be carried forward on a profitable basis vif reliance is placed solely on advertising Arevenues for vdefraying the costs of producing and transmitting such-entertainment.' These factors demonstrate the need for a television transmitting and receiving lsyste-m which allows each te'leviewer to be charged for the particular program `received on the individual television receivers. Charging for entertainment in this fashion -is analogous to -thepurchase of tickets at the box oce of a theater or like place o f entertainment, and this yanalogy has' `led to" Arecent adoption of the term box-ol`ce television to describe television systems of this character.` i

A numberof boX-oice televisionfsystems, alternatively known as subscription television systems, Lhave'already beendescribed.` In onesystem scrambled, for coded, entertainment material is broadcast in such formas to be unintelligible when received on an ordinary -ltelevision receiver. Authorized receiving stations are =titted with an unscrambling, or decoding, apparatus whichis capable `of rendering intelligible the otherwise vunintelligille transmissions. This decoding or unscrambling apparatus is controlled by key `signalstransmitted to the individual receiving stations over the commercial :telephone systems, 'and a charge for supplying the 'key or Icontrolisignal is made, the kkey `signal being supplied by a telephone operator only upon requesttherefor by the subscriber, and to supplying such a keysignal upon request.'

One of the `outstanding `disadvantages -of:=a `box-oilic'e television system of the character Vdescribed iabove resides ykey or card type system, considerable difficulty vwould normally be encountered in effecting the distribution of` the keys or cards to the many potential users of 'the system.

The disadvantages of the box-otce television systems just mentioned are largely :obviated kin ibex-'office television systems of the types described .in ranapplication filed yon January 19, 1950, by David JL. Loew et al.,"Se1ial Number 139,358, now Patent No. 2,769,023, for Prepaid 'Entertainment Distribution `System and kin another` applica- Ation by Robert E. Gottfried `et tal. :tiled May 10,1951,

`pricecharged for such entertainment.

2,875 ,269 Patented Feb.` V,2.4, 1359 the systems described in said copending applications, the

operation of the unscrambling mechanism results Afrom the deposit of the coins in the rcoin collecting apparatus. An essential feature of any box-oceltelevision system is the provision of the coding or scrambling apparatus at the transmitting station and the provision of co-op- -erating decoding `or unscrambling apparatus -at leach "of the receiving stations. Such apparatus for maintaining the secrecy of the programs-until the necessary-price has been paid or the corresponding charge is made `-mustso operate as Vto render the transmitting signals unintelligible when received on an ordinary Vtelevision receiver not equipped with the decoding or unscrambling apparatus. The scrambled signals must be of such character as to vbe capable of being rendered intelligible by means of relatively simple apparatus Vto 'be installed at each of lthe receiving stations. Furthermore,the type of'secrecy 'a'fforded by the system must be substantially foolproof'so as to make substantially impossible the unauthorized reception Vof the programs without the payment of the This latterV requirement preferably is met by periodically varying the Yconditions of the coding or scrambling so as to require the unscrambling apparatus at each of the television receivers to` be responsive to a control exercised at the transmitting station.

The present system employed for transmitting an image on television is to scan an object in interlaced .fashion. Thus a complete picture frame, representative of an optical image at a certain instant, is composed `of two -e'lds of consecutively rscanned parallel lines 4arranged -so that the flines `of vone iield fall between the linesof another field. n

'In a patentto Mayle, No. 2,472,774, there is described a system `for effecting secrecy in television systems vwherein a commutating tube is provided for :generating'pulses of irregular amplitude which are superimposed upon .the sawtooth deflection voltage which `is applied as a vertical deflection voltage. This composite wave 'isthen applied to the vertical deflection coils 'of 'the television camera. This has the `effect of transmitting a picture wherein "the interlace of the Vhorizontal lines is `*not in sequence but 'is irregular, as determined "by the/different Vpulse ampli'- tudes. A similar system is providedat the receiver to `permit decoding. p f l l The present invention also operateson thefpinc'iple of providing an .irregular sequence for horizontal scanning of successive fields in a television system. The .present invention, however, achieves this result in a new and useful manner and without the necessity for adding .two waves. The addition of waves `always presents ,alignment problems, that is, the points wherein two -waves are added must always be the same.4 This .is -dilicnltf'to -achieve inpractice with a high degree of precision.

lFurthermore, the present .invention .is directed tor-a television picture scrambling and unscrambling system which Vis particularly suitable `for use with box-oce television systems of the type described in the Vaforementioned applications.

It is an object of the present invention to provide `a novel and useful video 'scrambling and'unscrambling apparatus and ysystem suitable for use lin a 'subscriber'tclevision system.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an improved video scrambling and unscrambling apparatus and system which permits simple alterations of the scrambling and unscrambling apparatus to change their operation sequence pattern, thereby preserving secrecy. V A f It isa further object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive video scrambling and unscrambling apparatus for subscriber television use which enables preservation of secrecy.

Yet another object of the present invention is the provision of a coding and decoding system for television programs wherein all signals required are provided by the transmitted program signals without the use of auxiliary channels for decoding signals.

The aboverobjects as well as other features of this invention are achieved by providing a system wherein horizontal sync pulses are counted by a binary counter which establishes a different voltage pattern for each count. vEach different voltage pattern is used to generate a different value of vertical deflection current for the videocamera. The value of vertical deflection currents selected by the counts may be changed by a simple switching arrangement. At each subscribers television receiver there is located the same apparatus as is located at the transmitter'for counting and decoding horizontal sync pulses. Since the order of the vertical deflection currents being generated is the same, the picture presented on the cathode-ray tube of the subscriber is intelligible. Should the switch arrangement at either receiver or transmitter -be diiferent or should a receiver not be equipped with the counter and current generating apparatus, the picture presented on a receiver cathode-ray tube is scrambled. l Y

'The features of the invention Which are believed to be new are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, together with further objects and ladvantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of this invention; v

Figure 2 is a wave shape diagram of a typical yoke current waveform which is obtainable with the present invention;

Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a binary counter stage employed in Figure 1; f

Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a binary register stage employed in Figure 1;

Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of a. transfer gate ernployed in Figure 1;

Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of a current generator employed in Figure l; and

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing the modication of a receiver required to incorporate the embodiment of the invention.

As briey described previously, the system used in transmission of television pictures is to scan the object `with a number of lines in each field and to interlace the lines to present a frame. Thus, if the lines in the first ield were to be numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 the lines in the second field would have the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and, due to the nature of the phosphor on a television tube and persistence of vision, the observer would see a picture composed of lines 1, 2, 3, 4. If one were to transmit in order line 1, then line 5, line 9, line 7, and then, in the second field, transmit lines in the sequence 2, 6, 8, 4, an effective scrambling arrangement would be obtained. This occurs since a receiver not equipped with unscrambling apparatus would present these lines in the sequence in which they are received in positions normally occupied by lines 1, 2, 3, 4 and thus a scrambled picture is effectuated. A receiver with the unscrambling equipment would receive these lines and present them be used to effectuate the desired connections.

properly positioned on the television tube so that an intelligible picture is seen.

Referring to Figure 1, there may be lseen a schematic diagram of apparatus for providing such an irregular scanning sequence. It consists of a binary counter which has at least eight binary stages 10 (only six of which are shown) plus an extra stage 12. Each of these binary stages is the well known two-tube flip-flop circuit which has three inputs. A set input terminal is designated as S which, when positive pulses are applied, provides an output from one of the tubes, which can be called the l output. A reset input terminal is provided, designated as R to which the application of a positive` pulse causes an output to be obtained from the other tube of the binary stage, which may be designated as the O output. A third input terminal of the ip-iop is called a trigger input, designated as T. Negative pulses applied thereto have the effect of transferring the flip-flop from a l tol Va 0 output condition, or a "0" to a "1 output condition,

depending upon which condition prevails at the time the pulse is applied to the T input. As shown in Figure l, horizontal sync pulses from the sync pulse source 14 are applied to the T input ,of the first binary stage. The 1 output of the rst binary stage is applied to the T input of the second binary stage. Connections between second and third binary stages, similarly, are from the second stage 1 output to the third stage T input. This interconnection lis employed through the eight flipilop stages.

The output from a vertical sync source 16 is applied to all the R terminals of all stages but the last or extra stage. `The connection is made to the T terminal of the last stage. Thus, in operation, horizontal sync pulses are counted in a binary manner and the counter is reset every time a vertical sync pulse occurs.

The extra ip-op 12, however, is transferred from its "1 to its 0 condition and back in succession in response to pulses from the vertical sync pulse source.

The output of each one of the flip-flop stages is applied to an associated transfer gate 18. Each gate also receives a horizontal sync pulse by way of an inverter 19, which inverts thepolarity of the pulse. The transfer gate outputs are respectively applied to the input terminals of a .binary flip-flop register 20. These terminals are desiglpulse source. ,The outputs of all but the last of the register stages are applied in any desired arrangement through a switching device 22 to the inputs of associated current generators 24. If desired, a switch or a plug board may Each one Vof the current generators 24 generates current which has an amplitude which is in binary relationship to the amplitude of thek current generated by the other current generators. In other words, the relationship is in the order l, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. The last current generator 24 which is only associated with the extra stage 12 of the counter .has current which has the value l/z.

The outputs of the current generators are connected inpush-pull fashion to the primary of a transformer 26. 'Ihe secondary of this transformer is connected to the vertical dellection yoke 28 of the camera if the apparatus is being used at the transmitter. If the apparatus is being to the output transformer and when the extra stage is` triggered to its other condition the 1/2 current generator applies its current in reverse to-the output transformer. Since this last stage maintains its condition during the ntervalof a fielditj will be appreciated that, although the pulse amplitudes provided from the remaining portion of thev apparatus is thesame at every corresponding instant within a field, the operation of the last stage is the factor which` shifts the p ulse amplitudes` within each eld sufficiently to provide the interlace feature. It should alsoA be noted that the `current applied to the.yoke remains constant duringthe interval oa horizontal scanning line. The number of variations` possible with the apparatus shown is extremely large, approximately 1.07. The identical apparatus is used at the receiver as anunscrambling system. All that is required is that the switching device Z2 Ibe set so that the interconnections between the current generators and the register be the same for the transmitter andthe receiver. The type of switch which is used to connect'the register and the current generators may be` a manually settable one or a solenoid operated arrange.- ment which can bey actuated by signals such as` pulses transmitted from the transmitter and received and separated by any suitable means at the subscriber receiver or even electron-tube switches. .Thus changes can ybe made periodically Vto transfer the interconnections of the coding and decoding apparatus tomaintain vand further assure secrecy in operation. It is to be noted that no other apparatusthan the one shown is required by this system, nor are any other; auxiliary communication facilities required. Another advantagealforded by this invention in its application to subscription television systems of the type previously described is that it enables the transmission of programs to selected groups of subscribers without other groups-being able to receive them. Furthermore, this invention enables elimination of undesirable or delinquent subscribers AS1 an example,r ifzthereV are a group of subscribers to whom only-certain subject matter is; to be shown, suchas medical subject matter to doctors, or. a special series4 of lectures for selected. students, then bymerely setting the switches at the transmitter and, cor respondingly, at the variousV receivers .of the interested subscribers only. the selected. group willreceive'the programs andnone'other. Wher'ea subscriber'does not subscribe to a suicient number of programs or periodic access to hishome is not `obtained for. collection of the coin box contentsin the box-office television system of the types describedinvthe previously cited applications, then upon archange. in the switch .settings at the `,transmitter and-no corresponding change being made by a coin box collector in the unaccessible or delinquent subscribers receiver, thesubsequently transmitted programs are. unintelligible as far as thijs class of subscriberis concerned. Upon such a` subscriberpermitting the required a-ccessgto his receiver, the, switches can besetto-the currentr code. .y v

Figure 3 is a. circuit diagram of a dip-flop which may be used in thegbinary counter. It consistsof thelwell-4 known Eccles-Jordan type vof trigger circuit, which may be found described, for example,V on pages 595-597 of Radio Engineering Aby Terman, published -by the McGraw-Hill Book Company. The terminals of the trigger circuit are labeled in accordance with the terminal4 identifications usedinthe schematic diagram in Figure` 1. In View of the well-known, operation ofthis type of trigger circuit, a further. description is deemedV unnecessary.

` Figure 4 isa circuitV diagram of a flip-Hop circuit which issutable foruse as-a stage. in the binary register shown in, Figure l. Here,A agai`nthereisshownanother formof the two-tube trigger. circuit; which well known in` the field; The ,outputof each stage is applied, to a cathode in the switching device 22,.frorn which they are interconnected in any desired:codingriarrangementto the various current generators.. The operation of this trigger circuit is also too well known tov merit further discussion and is also found intheprevicius` reference, as. well as others. YAYThe inputand outputterminals have.. applied. theretothe same identification letters'as` areused in Fig ure 1, in order to facilitate the identification thereof.

Reference Yis now made to Athe circuitdiagram of aA transfer gate which isshown in Figure 5. Theterminals of the circuit in Figure 5,'Y have the, same reference numerals applied thereto as are shown in Figure 1, to facilitate the'understanding thereof .l" The transfer gate con sistsloftwo diodes 32,' 322 one of whichlhafs its anode,

coupled tothe S terminal; of a, register flip-flop," thei other of which has itsanode'couplfed-to the R terminal of the same flip-flop stage. TheV cathodes of these two tubes are respectively/J coupled through Aindividual 'resistors 34, 34 to the 1 andffO output terminals of a counter ip-flop stage and ,also through individual resistors 36, 36' to a source of negative voltage. Two condensers 38, 38 are used to couple the cathodeslof these diodes to the source ofhorizontal. sync'` pulses. Accordingly, ifit is assumed 'thatthe "1'outputfof a flip-flop stage is high and the "0?" outputiis loww hen a horizontal sync pulse is appliedto the cathodes "of both diodes they simultaneously are cut off, but when the sync pulse terminates the anodesof both diodes assume substantially the poten- .l tials at their cathodes. Thereby,th`e R terminal is madev low if it is not already 1ow with the lresult that the S terminal s made high. Thereby, the grids lofitheregister stage have potentials' applied; whichltransfer the register into the same condition asV the associated counter stage.v In this mannenreach" time thecounter assumes a new count, this is transferred'into the register at the termina'- tion of the pulse being counted.

Referring now to Figure 6, there may be seen a. circuit diagram of the current generator. This consists of `Vtwo tubes 40, 40" havingV their cathodes connected together and througha current-limiting resistor 42 to a sourceof 'negative biasing potential; Thiscurrent-limiting resistor connected'across the deflection yoke. B+ can be, applied to these plates-through the verticaldeection yoke, which' thus acts as asummingfdevice.l `B| is-applied directly' to the plate of the other tube. Accordingly, either the single-ended or double-ended'method` may be used, but

the double-ended methodis thev preferred embodiment.

In operation, each generator in the push-pull embodiment applies currents, the-polarities of which are determined by the signals `applied from the register. These t currents are algebraically combinedin'they output transformer 26 to provide a resultantdeflection current, as may be `seen in Figure 2. In the single-ended' embodiment, a simple addition ofthe currents occurs in the deection yoke.

If'it isA desired to eliminate the transformer, theplates of one of4 the two tubes in each ofthe current generators can beI Figure 7 a schematic diagram showing how theembodiment of the invention may be inserted into the television receiver of a subscriber to a subscription television system so that`both free and paid programs may be seen. Connections are brought out from the horizontal and vertical sync pulse sources 14, 16 to the unscrambler defiection circuits 50 which represents the embodiment of the inventionshown in Figure 1. The output from the verticaliand horizontal sync pulse sources also are connected to the usual horizontal and vertical deection circuits 52 in the receiver. The vertical deflection circuit output and the digital deflection circuit outputare connected to two fixed relay contacts 54', 56. The movable contact 58 of the relay 60 is normally closed with the contact connected with the vertical deflection circuits of the receiver. The movable contact connects to the vertical deection coils 280i the receiver. Thus free programs are received and seen in an unaliectedmanner. A coin box 62 is shown which is connected to the relay coil. A coin box of a suitable type, as Well as its associated apparatus, is described in both of the previously mentioned applications, to Loew et al. and to Gottfried et al. If the receiver is tuned to a channel in which a program of a type for which payment is required is` being transmitted by transmission of suitable signals the coinlbox is actuated to show the amount of payment required. If such payment is not made by depositing the required amount of coins in the coin box, the picture received is a scrambled one and, hence, unintelligible. Upon depositing the required amount of coinage in the coin box, the coin box serves to actuate the relay and the unscrambling deflection circuits are permitted to unscramble the picture being received. Upon cessation of the program, the coin box is reset to its initial position, the relay is rendered inoperative, and the receiver is again in condition to receive free programs.

Accordingly, there has been described and shown herein new and improved systems for scrambling a transmitted television program and for unscrambling it at the receiver.V

vision system comprising first electron defiecting means including a source of horizontal synchronizing signals for defining the horizontal component of a scanning trace, and second electron deflecting means for defining the vertical component of said scanning trace including a pulse counter having a plurality of electron discharge tubes, different counts being manifested by conduction and nonconduction of said tubes in different patterns, means to select output from different tubes in said counter, means responsive to the conduction and non-conduction of the tubes the output from which has been selected to provide vertical deflection currents having an amplitude determined by said conduction and nonconduction pattern, and means to apply said horizontal synchronizing signals to said pulse counter to be counted.

2. A scanning system as recited in claim 1 wherein said counter is a binary counter including a plurality of binary stages with two tubes in each stage, said means to select output from different tubes in said counter includes switch means to select an output from-either of the tubes in each stage, and said means to provide vertical deflection signals having an amplitude determined by said tube conduction and nonconduction lpattern includes a separate current control means for each binary stage coupled to said switch to establish the current `provided for each stage in binary relationship with the current provided by the other stages, and means to add all the currents from said current control means. i 1

3. A scanning .system for determiningV the order of scanning horizontal lines in successive scanning fields of a television system comprising first electron defiecting means including a source of horizontal synchronizing signals for defining the horizontal component of apscanning trace, a second electron deecting means for defining the vertical component of said scanning trace including means to generate a signal at the end of each eld, a binary counter having a number of concatenated binary stages, a separate binary stage, each of said binary stages having two conditions of stability, means to couple horizontal synchronizing signals from said source to said counter to be counted, means to apply signals from said means to generate a signal at the end of each field to reset said counter and to said separate binary stage to be counted, a plurality of current generators, means to selectively couple the output from each counter binary stage When in one condition of stability to a different current generator to cause it to generate current responsive thereto, and means to combine the generated currents to provide varying amplitude vertical defiection signals which determine the order of interlace in accordance with the selective coupling of said counter and said current generators.

4. A scanning system as recited in claim 3 wherein each current generator comprises an electron discharge tube having a current determining resistor in series therewith.

5. A scanning system for determining the sequence of scanning horizontal lines in successive scanning fields of a television system comprising first electron deecting means including a source of horizontal synchronizing signals for defining the horizontal component of a scanning trace, second electron deliecting means for defining the vertical component of said scanning trace including means to generate a signal at the end of each field, a binary counter having a plurality of concatenated binary stages, a separate binary stage, each of said binary stages having two conditions of stability, a binary register having a plurality of binary register stages each of which has two conditions of stability and is associated with a different one of said binary stages, transfer gate means coupling a binary stage with an associated binary register stage to transfer it to the same stable condition as said binary stage, means to couple horizontal synchronizing signals from said source to said binary counter to be counted, means to apply signals from said means to generate a signal at the` end of each field to reset said counter and to said separate binary stage to be counted, means to couple horizontal synchronizing signals from said source as gating pulses to said transfer gate means, a plurality of current generators each of which generates a di'erent current, means to selectively couple the output from each register binary stage to a different Vcurrent generator to cause it to generate current responsive thereto, and means to combine the generated currents to provide varying amplitude vertical defiection signals which determine the order to interlace in accordance with the selective coupling of said register and said current generators.

6. A scanning system as recited in claim 5 wherein each current generator comprises a first and second electron discharge tube each having an anode, control grid and cathode, a current determining resistor having one end connected to the cathodes of said first and second electron discharge tube, the value of said resistor being different for each current generator, said means to combine the generated currents comprises a transformer having a center tapped primary, means coupling all the anodes of said first tubes of -every generator to one end of said transformer primary, means coupling all the anodes of said second tubes to the other end of said transformer primary, and means to apply an operating potential to said transformer center tap.

7. The combination with a television transmitting system of a television picture scrambling system comprising first electron deiiecting means including a source of horizontal synchronizing signals for defining the horizontal ;OmPonent of a scanning trace, second electron deiiecting means for defining the vertical component of said scanning trace including means to generate a signal at the end of each field, a binary counter having a number of concatenated binary stages, a separate binary stage, each of said binary stages having two conditions of stability, means to couple horizontal synchronizing signals from said source to said counter to be counted, means to apply signals from said means to generate a signal at the end of each ield to reset said counter and to said separate binary stage to be counted, a plurality of current generators, means to selectively couple the output from each register binary stage whenin one condition of stability to a different current generator to cause it to generate currentresponsive thereto, and means to combine the generated currents to provide varying amplitude vertical deliection signals which determine the order of interlace in accordance with the selective coupling of said counter and said current generators.

8. In a subscription television system including a television transmitter having horizontal and vertical synchronizing signal generators and a receiver, means at said transmitter for scrambling the video portion of a program for which payment of coin is required comprising a counter including a plurality of stages Wherein each count provides a diierent voltage pattern for said stages, means to apply horizontal synchronizing signals from said generator to be counted, means to reset said counter responsive to vertical synchronizing signals from said generator, means to generate diierent vertical deflection currents responsive to said different voltage patterns of said counter, means responsive to said vertical synchronizing signals to alter said different vertical deflection currents during each eld to provide for interlace, switch means between said counter and said vertical deflection current means to select a desired sequence for said diterent vertical deection signals, means at said receiver for unscrambling said scrambled video portion including a counter substantially similar to the one at said transmitter means to apply received horizontal synchronizing signals to said receiver counter to be counted, means to reset said counter responsive to received vertical synchronizing signals, means to generate different vertical deflection currents responsive to dilerent voltage patterns of said counter, means responsive to said received vertical synchronizing signals to add a fixed current to said different vertical deection currents during alternate elds to provide for interlace, means between said counter and said vertical decction current means to establish the same sequence for said vertical dellection currents as at said transmitter, means to establish a coin demand at said receiver for said pro gram, normally inoperative means to permit utilization of said vertical deflection currents, and means responsive to payment of said coin demand to operate said normally inoperative means to permit utilization of said vertical deection currents.

9. In a receiver having vertical and horizontal syn chronizing signal generating circuits for a subscription television system of the type wherein a program for which payment is required has the vid-eo portion scrambled by rearranging the order of the horizontal lines, means for unscrambling said video portion comprising a pulse counter having a plurality of electron discharge tubes, different counts being manifested by conduction and nonconduction of said tubes in different patterns, means to apply horizontal synchronizing pulses from said generating circuits to said counter to be counted, means to apply vertical synchronizing pulses from said generating circuits to reset said counter, means to select output from diterent tubes in said counter, means responsive to the conduction and nonconduction of the tubes the output from which has been selected to provide vertical deflection currents having an amplitude determined by said conduction and nonconduction pattern, said means to select output being adjustable to select output to provide vertical deflection currents in the same order as the rearranged order of the horizontal lines at the transmitter, means responsive to said vertical synchronizing pulses from said generator to add a fixed current to said diierent vertical deilection currents during alternate fields to provide for interlace, means to establish a payment demand for said program at said receiver, normally inoperative means to permit utilization of said vertical deection currents, and means responsive to payment of said coin demand to operate said normally inoperative means to permit utilization of said vertical deflection currents.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,472,774 Mayie June 7, 1949 2,678,347 Clothier May 11, 1954 2,757,226 Zworykin July 3l, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 15,789/34 Australia Ian. 19, 1934 

